What are cannabinoids?
Cannabinoids are the primary chemical compounds in cannabis plants. As discussed in Sativa vs. Indica vs. Hybrid, THC and CBD are the most common cannabinoids responsible for the sought-after effects of cannabis. But there’s far more to the plant than just THC and CBD. More than 100 other cannabinoids are present in cannabis.
In general, cannabinoids are placed into one of three categories:
Phytocannabinoids
Endocannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
1. Phytocannabinoids
Phytocannabinoids are found in hemp and cannabis plants but also in cacao, kava, sunflowers, echinacea, and many other plants. However, the highest concentration of phytocannabinoids is found in the flowers of the cannabis plants.
These cannabinoids are produced by trichomes – the tiny, hair-like appendages on the flowers’ surface with a bitter smell and taste that exist to deter insects and animals. Trichomes produce not only cannabinoids but also terpenes.
2. Endocannabinoids
Endogenous cannabinoids, or endocannabinoids, are chemical compounds produced by the bodies of all vertebrates. They are a crucial component of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS).
When endocannabinoids bind to receptors, the result is a physical response in the brain or body to reestablish balance, like a decrease in inflammation, a lowering of body temperature, or a reduction in ocular pressure (pressure on your eyes).
3. Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids are made from chemicals in powder form that is designed to replicate the effects of cannabis. They are typically mixed with solvents and then sprayed onto other plant material.
These chemicals are most commonly known as Spice or K2. They are not a proper synthetic form of cannabis and come with a slew of negative side effects, far different than the experience of cannabis. Side effects can include rapid heart rate, agitation, hallucinations, and vomiting.
The Commonly Known Phytocannabinoids
CBD and THC are two of the most prominent and best-known phytocannabinoids. However, other cannabinoids produced by hemp and cannabis plants are starting to gain attention for their suspected (but still being studied) health benefits.
These other cannabinoids include:
CBDA (cannabidolic acid)
This is the raw form of CBD, which is much stronger and is being studied for its medicinal benefits for chemotherapy patients. It’s typically found in capsules, tinctures, and topicals. Some people even drink it as juice.
CBDV (cannabidivarin)
CBDV is structurally similar to CBD and is not intoxicating when isolated like CBD. Research thus far has shown that CBDV is mainly found in Indica landrace strains from Asia and Africa and strains naturally lower in THC. Strains that are high in CBD also tend to be higher in CBDV. Studies on CBDV are primarily focused on its effects on seizures and reducing or preventing epilepsy.
CBG (cannabigerol)
Originating from CBGA (the origin of all cannabinoids – “the grandfather of cannabinoids”), CBG is also not intoxicating, despite its chemical connection to THC. Research shows it impacts both the body’s internal systems and counteractive effects on other cannabinoids like THC. CBG-dominate products are known for treating chronic pain, anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions.
CBN (cannabinol)
CBN is a non-intoxicating compound that is created when THC ages. So it’s usually found in high amounts in older cannabis. Studies have found that CBN is a potent antibacterial, neuroprotectant (protecting from neurodegenerative conditions like ALS), appetite stimulant, glaucoma medication, and anti-inflammatory.
CBC (cannabichromene)
Like CBG, CBC comes from CBGA. CBGA converts into CBCA, then finally becomes CBC after exposure to heat or ultraviolet light. CBC is non-intoxicating and binds with receptors linked to pain perception. It’s being studied for its medicinal benefits for cancer patients and its positive effects on brain cells, acne, depression, pain, and inflammation.
THCV (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin)
THCV is similar to THC in molecular structure and psychoactive properties but provides very different effects. THCV is being studied for its ability to suppress appetite, help diabetics, reduce panic attacks, help with Alzheimer's, and help with bone growth.
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